PrintWriter and PrintStream in Java

Difference between PrintWriter and PrintStream

First of all, the PrintWriter class uses an improved way of working with Unicode characters and a different output buffering mechanism: in the PrintStream class, the output buffer was flushed whenever the print() or println() method was called, and when using the PrintWriter class, there is an option to opt out of automatic flushing buffers, executing it explicitly using the flush() method.

In addition, the methods of the PrintWriter class never throw an exception. To check for errors, you must explicitly call the checkError() method.

What is the difference and what do InputStream, OutputStream, Reader, Writer have in common

  • InputStream and its heirs - a collection for receiving byte data from various sources.
  • OutputStream and its heirs - a set of classes that define stream byte output.
  • Reader and its descendants define streaming Unicode character input.
  • Writer and its descendants define streaming output of Unicode characters.

What classes allow to convert byte streams to character streams and vice versa?

  • OutputStreamWriter is the bridge between the OutputStream class and the Writer class. The characters written to the stream are converted to bytes.
  • InputStreamReader - analog for reading. Using the methods of the Reader class, bytes are read from the InputStream and then converted to characters.

Which classes allow to speed up read/write by using a buffer?

  • BufferedInputStream(InputStream in) / BufferedInputStream(InputStream in, int size)
  • BufferedOutputStream(OutputStream out) / BufferedOutputStream(OutputStream out, int size)
  • BufferedReader(Reader r) / BufferedReader(Reader in, int sz)
  • BufferedWriter(Writer out) / BufferedWriter(Writer out, int sz)

Read also:


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Methods for reading XML in Java

Image
DOM (Document Object Model) - object - reads XML, recreating it in memory in the form of an object structure, while the XML document is represented as a set of tags - nodes. Each node can have an unlimited number of child nodes. Each child can also contain several levels of descendants or none at all. Thus, the result is a kind of tree. Pluses: Easy to program. If there are many objects in XML with cross-references to each other, it is enough to go through the document twice: first time create objects without references and fill in the name-object dictionary, the second time - restore links. If an error occurs in XML, a half-created XML structure remains in memory, which will be automatically destroyed. Suitable for both reading and writing. Minuses: Low speed. Wastes a lot of memory. SAX (Simple API for XML) - event-driven - reads an XML document, responding to emerging events (opening or closing tag, string, attribute) by calling the event handlers provided by the appl...
Read more

XML, well-formed XML and valid XML

Image
XML, the eXtensible Markup Language, is a language with a simple formal syntax, well suited for creating and manipulating documents with programs, and at the same time easy to read and create documents by humans. XML is extensible, it does not fix the markup used in documents, and the developer is free to create markup in accordance with the needs of a particular area, being limited only by the syntax rules of the language. DTD A DTD, Document Type Definition, is a predefined set of rules that defines the relationships between elements and attributes. For example, the DTD for HTML says that the DIV tag must be inside the BODY tag and can appear multiple times, TITLE - in HEAD and only once, and SCRIPT - both there and there as many times as you want. A DTD is usually described directly in the document as a formulation line starting with <!DOCTYPE ... > or in a separate file. Difference between well-formed XML and valid XML Depending on the level of compliance, the document...
Read more

ArrayList and LinkedList in Java, memory usage and speed

Image
How much extra memory is needed when calling ArrayList.add()? If there is enough space in the array to accommodate a new element, then no additional memory is required. Otherwise, a new array is created, 1.5 times larger than the existing one (this is true for JDK above 1.7, in earlier versions the size of the increase is different). How much extra memory is allocated when you call LinkedList.add()? One new instance of the nested Node class is created. How much memory to store one byte primitive in LinkedList? Each LinkedList element stores a link to the previous element, the next element, and a data link. private static class Node<E> { E item; Node<E> next; Node<E> prev; //... } For 32-bit systems, each link is 32 bits (4 bytes). The object (header) of the nested Node class itself takes 8 bytes. 4 + 4 + 4 + 8 = 20 bytes, and since the size of each object in Java is a multiple of 8, so we get 24 bytes. A byte primitive occupies 1 by...
Read more